Shandong, China

Position of Shandong in China
ProvinceShān dōng 'mountain east'
Short name
CapitalJinan
Population101.527 million (7.19%) [2nd] comparison table
Area157,000 km2 [60,618 mile2] (1.64%) [19th]
GDP72,029 (29.23%) [13th]
NeighborsHebei Henan Anhui Jiangsu
Others or just click on the map
Beijing Tianjin Shanghai Hong Kong Xinjiang Tibet Qinghai Gansu Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning Yunnan Sichuan Guangxi Hainan Taiwan Guangdong Guizhou Chongqing Ningxia Shandong Fujian Zhejiang Shaanxi Shanxi Hebei Henan Hunan Hubei Jiangxi Anhui Jiangsu

Shandong stands as if an island on the East China Plain, indeed in geological times it was an island before the Yellow and Yangzi rivers joined it to the mainland by depositing rich alluvial soil to form the land to its west. As recently as 1855 the Yellow River's lower course entered the sea to the south of Shandong. So Shandong is set somewhat apart from its neighbors. Mountains make up the central spine of the province and so most people live along the rugged coastline.

Places to visit

With sites sacred to Confucian and Daoist followers there is much to appreciate in the scenic beauty of the Shandong mountains.

Shandong, Taishan, mountains, moon gate
View of Mount Taishan, Shandong

Taishan

Mount Tai is revered not only by Daoists but also Buddhist and Confucians with many shrines dotted over it. It is a UNESCO world heritage site. It is said to have been formed when the Eight Immortals fought the Sea dragon. As Mount Tai is considered the most sacred of Chinese mountains many visitors scale its heights. They follow in the footsteps of Chinese Emperors and even Chairman Mao. Emperor Wudi of the Han dynasty was one of the first Emperors to make sacrifices here. The Emperor would make two sacrifices to Earth and two to Heaven, reporting his achievements of office and praying for heavenly favor. Jade tablets were buried inscribed with his accomplishments. A famous stone inscription is of the Buddhist Diamond Sutra. Traditionally the mountain was held to be the location of a tribunal that judges the deeds of the living and the dead. In many towns all over China sacred stones are said to have come from Mount Tai with the power to ward off evil. Over the centuries poets such as Li Bai have been inspired by the mountain.

Taishan reaches an impressive 5,029 feet [1,533 meters] and the route to the top has many sculptures, inscriptions, temples and waterfalls. The summit is called Jade Emperor Peak. The Taishan Temple at the base of the mountain dates back to Han dynasty times and greatly expanded in the Tang and Song dynasties when many splendid halls were built. Well trodden routes lead to interesting temples near the summit. An arduous 1,200 steps lead to Nantian Gate ‘south gate to heaven’ and then the 碧霞祠 Bì xiá cí ‘Azure Cloud Temple’ dating back to the Song dynasty. The town of Tai’an lies at its foot and the Lingyan si ‘Monastery of the Magic Cliff’ is nearby.

Qufu, Shandong, gateway
Entrance Gate to Confucius family Cemetery at Qufu, Shandong

Qufu

Qufu has a set of temples to mark the birthplace of Confucius. These are large and lavish, indeed comparable to the Forbidden City in Beijing, underlining how important Confucianism has been throughout China's long history. The temple at Qufu has 53 ornamental gateways and many halls. It was visited by hundreds of Emperors from the Han dynasty down to the last Qing dynasty. There are many fine courtyard buildings within the temple complex, where wealthy landowners have bequeathed land in Confucius' memory. The Confucian Woods holds monuments to members of the Kong family down the centuries. Inscribed stone slabs (steles) are there in their thousands documenting ancient life in China. The Kong family who are direct descendents of the sage, now in their 83rd generation, claim the longest family tree in the world. Confucius' great hero the Duke of Zhou has a temple close by. Nearby is the only pyramidal tomb in China - to the legendary emperor Shao Hao . Mencius who was Confucius' great supporter and regarded as China's second sage (rather like Plato to Socrates) was born at Zoucheng and there are more modest memorials to him there.

qingdai, shandong, brewery
Tsingtao Brewery in Qingdao. June 2007. Image by M. Weitzel available under a Creative Commons License

Qingdao

Qingdao retains some of its German heritage, the world famous Qingdao (Tsingtao WG) beer brewed here used German know-how. As well as German style beer you can eat German pastries and breads. Qingdao means blue-green island and it remained a small fishing village for many centuries. Cool ocean currents keep the climate cool and it attracts tourists who wish to escape the inland summer heat. There is a park here commemorating the revolutionary writer Lu Xun.

Mount Lao 3,716 feet [1,133 meters] is near Qingdao, and although less visited than Taishan, is equally impressive. The largest temple is Taiqinggong dating from the Song dynasty with over a hundred buildings in the complex. Laoshan's clear waters are considered an essential ingredient of Qingdao beer .

Penglai, coast, Shandong, pavilion
Penglai Pavilion at the northern tip of Shandong province

Elsewhere in Shandong

Jinan is an ancient city on an important north-south route that crosses the Yellow River; it has many natural springs. It became a foreign enclave in 1906 with a railway link to Qingdao. It was famous for its springs but some of these have now dried up. Zibo is now a center for large scale coal mining. Xiaolipu is a village with one of the oldest standing domestic building - from the Han dynasty two thousand years ago.

Penglai Pavilion on the northern side of the peninsula is one of the Four Great Towers of China. It is considered to be the home of the Eight Immortals of the Daoist tradition. Yantai to its east, sometimes known as ‘Chefoo’, is an attractive fishing port with sandy beaches. Close to Qufu at nearby Zoucheng is the birthplace of the second sage of Confucianism: Mencius.

Weihai is another coastal resort. It was briefly a British colonial territory from 1902-30 to act as a naval base to defend the sea route to Tianjin and Beijing. At a time of upheaval in China it proved a quiet and peaceful backwater. It is now a prosperous port.

The ancient tradition of kite flying in China continues at Weifang where there is a kite museum and an international kite festival each year.

Shandong, beach, boat, coast
Old fishing boat on Ru Shan Shi beach, Shandong

History

Shandong has been long inhabited, archeologists have unearthed evidence of the Longshan Culture 4,500 years ago in the province. It became part of China in the Eastern Zhou dynasty where it was under the control of the Qi and Lu kingdoms. The capital of the Qi kingdom was at Yingqiu (Linzi) near Zibo. It was at this time the great sage and philosopher Confucius was born at Qufu in Shandong. Later in the Three Kingdoms period it became part of the Wei kingdom. Up until then it had been sparsely populated, during the Western Jin dynasty Han people from the north began to settle in large numbers. Shandong then suffered centuries of turmoil as it was on the north-south divide of China. It became a stable, governed province again only in the Ming dynasty .

Shandong, Weihai, architecture, skyscraper
City of Weihai, Shandong

In Qing times it was subject to foreign coastal colonization, Germany occupied Qingdao and Jinan while Britain took Weihai as concessions. The fairly cool maritime climate of Shandong proved attractive to Europeans and the eastern ports controlled the sea route to Tianjin and Beijing. The influx of foreigners led to tensions with the local people and it was in Shandong that a movement formed that was to become the Boxer Rebellion. During the Qing the province was barely under Imperial control with many groups and secret societies vying for power and so many Shandong people emigrated to Manchuria to escape the conflict. Japan invaded the peninsula in 1914 under the pretext of ejecting the defeated Germans. In the following Treaty of Versailles Japan was formally handed Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong. It was only after the defeat of Japan in 1945 that it become a fully integrated Chinese province once again. Since Deng Xiaoping's reforms it has opened up to trade with South Korea across the Yellow Sea, and South Koreans have invested heavily in Shandong's rapid industrial development.

Shandong, Yantai, architecture, modern housing, pavilion
Old pavilion and modern housing at Yantai, Shandong

Geography

Shandong has become a major industrial province in the last 30 years with the third largest population of nearly 100 million people. It has large deposits of coal and oil and makes many domestic goods. It has the best gold reserves and rates second for diamonds within China. The fringes of the Yellow River plain provide good agricultural land for wheat and potatoes. The fertile valleys to the west produce cotton; soybean; peanuts and tobacco. The warm, frost free climate allows vineyards and orchards to flourish.

Airports

Weihai Dashuibo Airport 威海大水泊机场 WEH IATA / ZSWH ICAO
The airport has 1 terminal and is located 24.9 miles (40.0 kms) from Weihai. Live Flight information , Airport information , rank in China 56
See map of location Weihai Dashuibo Airport
Yantai Laishan International Airport 烟台莱山国际机场 YNT IATA / ZSYT ICAO
The airport has 1 terminal and is located 26.7 miles (43.0 kms) from Yantai. Live Flight information , Airport information , rank in China 45
See map of location Yantai Laishan International Airport
Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport 济南遥墙国际机场 TNA IATA / ZSJN ICAO
The airport has 1 terminal and is located 20.5 miles (33.0 kms) from Jinan. Live Flight information , Airport information , rank in China 26
See map of location Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport
Qingdao Liuting International Airport 青岛流亭国际机场 TAO IATA / ZSGD ICAO
The airport has 1 terminal and is located 19.3 miles (31.0 kms) from Qingdao. Live Flight information , Airport information , rank in China 17
International Links to :Korea Japan
See map of location Qingdao Liuting International Airport
Linyi Shubuling Airport 临沂沭埠岭国际机场 LYI IATA / ZSLY ICAO
The airport has 1 terminal and is located 4.3 miles (7.0 kms) from Linyi. Live Flight information , rank in China 71
See map of location Linyi Shubuling Airport
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Shandong Climate

Climate Chart for Shandong
Climate Key
Major CitiesPopulation
Dezhou 379,555
Dongying 525,461
Feicheng 329,813
Heze 254,602
Jinan 4,335,989
Jining 450,327
Laiwu莱芜 124,108
Liaocheng 226,930
Linyi临沂 270,669
Qingdao 3,718,835
Rizhao 246,387
Tai'an 5,499,000
Tengzhou 394,504
Weifang潍坊 394,732
Weihai 152,595
Xintai 222,459
Yantai 719,332
Zaozhuang枣庄 183,665
Zhucheng 1,086,222
Zibo淄博 3,129,228
Zoucheng 190,537

City populations for 2012, Province statistics National Bureau of Statistics 2014

See also